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61.
Tavares Priscila da Silva Giarolla Angélica Chou Sin Chan Silva Adan Juliano de Paula Lyra André de Arruda 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):873-883
Regional Environmental Change - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of global mean temperature rises are worrisome for coffee crop due to the intolerance of the Arabica... 相似文献
62.
Yi-Jun Lin Min-Pei Ling Szu-Chieh Chen Wei-Yu Chen Nan-Hung Hsieh Yi-Hsien Cheng Shu-Han You Wei-Chun Chou Ming-Chao Lin Chung-Min Liao 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(17):14616-14626
Human health risks associated with the consumption of metal-contaminated fish over extended periods have become a concern particularly in Taiwan, where fish is consumed on a large scale. This study applied the interaction-based hazard index (HI) to assess the mixture health risks for fishers and non-fishers who consume the arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contaminated milkfish from As-contaminated coastal areas in Taiwan, taking into account joint toxic actions and potential toxic interactions. We showed that the interactions of As–Zn and Cu–Zn were antagonistic, whereas As–Cu interaction was additive. We found that HI estimates without interactions considered were 1.3–1.6 times higher than interactive HIs. Probability distributions of HI estimates for non-fishers were less than 1, whereas all 97.5%-tile HI estimates for fishers were >1. Analytical results revealed that the level of inorganic As in milkfish was the main contributor to HIs, indicating a health risk posed to consumers of fish farmed in As-contaminated areas. However, we found that Zn supplementation could significantly decrease As-induced risk of hematological effect by activating a Zn-dependent enzyme. In order to improve the accuracy of health risk due to exposure to multiple metals, further toxicological data, regular environmental monitoring, dietary survey, and refinement approaches for interactive risk assessment are warranted. 相似文献
63.
Shuen-Chin Chang Charles C.-K. Chou Chang-Chuan Chan Chung-Te Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(8):1088-1096
This study uses monitoring data collected at the Taipei Aerosol Supersite from March 2002 to February 2008 to analyze characteristics such as seasonal fluctuations, diurnal variations, and photochemical-related variations of PM2.5 chemical compositions. The results indicate that the average of PM2.5 mass concentration in Taipei during this period is 30.3 ± 16.0 μg m?3. The highest average concentration of PM2.5 components is that of sulfate, which accounts for 21.1% of the PM2.5 mass, followed by organic carbon (OC) at 15.9%, nitrate at 5.8%, and elemental carbon (EC) at 5.4%. Concentrations of EC, OC, and nitrate have distinctive but similar seasonal fluctuations, which is highest in spring and lowest in fall. Sulfate concentration has less seasonal fluctuations, and the highest value appears during the fall. Similarly, concentrations of EC, OC, and nitrate have notable diurnal variations; however, the diurnal variation of sulfate concentration is not very apparent. These observation data show that EC, OC, and nitrate in PM2.5 in the Taipei metropolis come mainly from local emissions, while sulfate comes mainly from the regional transport of pollutants. This is likely because Taiwan is located on the lee zone of the Asian prevailing winds from fall to spring; its air quality is frequently affected by the transport of air pollutants from Mainland China. In addition, the extent of increase in aerosols is much higher than that of CO, indicating the formation of secondary aerosol when photochemical activity is strong. Based on six years of observation data, this study explores three potential scenarios to set up Taiwan's PM2.5 air quality standard (AQS). The analysis indicates that the optimum standard for 24-h air quality of PM2.5 should be around 50 μg m?3. 相似文献
64.
Chung-Yih Kuo Yan-Ruei Lin Shih-Yu Chang Chuan-Yao Lin Chun-Hung Chou 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):9777-9787
Daily and hourly average data from nine air-quality monitoring stations distributed across central Taiwan, which include ten items (i.e., PM10, PM2.5, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, SO2, NO2, NO, and CO), were collected from 2005 to 2009. Four episode types: long-range transport with dust storms (DS), long-range transport with frontal pollution (FP), river dust (RD), and stagnant weather (SW), and one mixed type of episode were identified. Of these four episode types, the SW was the dominant type, averaging about 70 %. The mean ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was the lowest during the RD episodes (0.42), while the mean ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was the highest during the SW episodes (0.64). Fine aerosol (PM2.5) and coarse aerosol (PM10–2.5) samples were collected by high-volume samplers for chemical composition analysis, from only three stations (Douliou, Lunbei, and Siansi) during the days of SW, RD, DS, and FP. The concentrations of PM2.5 and three ionic species (NH4 +, NO3 ?, and SO4 2?) all showed significant differences among the four episode types. The highest levels of NO3 ? (12.1 μg/m3) and SO4 2? (20.5 μg/m3) were found during the SW and FP episodes, respectively. A comparison on the spatial similarity of aerosol compositions among the episodes and/or non-episodes (control) was characterized by the coefficient of divergence (CD). The results showed higher CD values in PM10–2.5 than in PM2.5, and the CD values between RD episodes and the other three episodes were higher than those between two types of episode for the other three episodes. The ratios of SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio), SO4 2?/EC (elemental carbon), NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio), and NO3 ?/EC showed that sulfate formation was most rapid during the FP, while nitrate formation was most rapid during the SW. 相似文献
65.
Ming-Shean Chou Jean-Hong Lin 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):502-508
ABSTRACT A biotrickling filter with blast-furnace slag packings (sizes = 20-40 mm and specific surface area = 120 m2/m3) was utilized to treat NO in an air stream. The operational stability, as well as the effects of gas empty-bed retention time (EBRT) and nutrient addition on the removal ability of NO, were tested. Approximately six weeks were required for the development of a biofilm for NO degradation, and a two-week organic carbon deficiency resulted in the detachment of biofilms from the packing surfaces. A steady removal rate of 80% was attained at specified influent NO concentrations of 892 to 1237 ppm and an EBRT of 118 sec. The effluent NO concentration diminished exponentially with enlarging EBRT, with influent NO concentrations of 203-898 ppm, and EBRTs of 25 to 118 sec. Nutrient addition is essential for efficient removal of the influent NO. Mass ratios of C: P: N = 7: 1: 30 and NaHCO3: NO-N = 6.3 could be used for practical applications. 相似文献
66.
Chong-Shu Zhu Cheng-Chieh Chen Jun-Ji Cao Chuen-Jinn Tsai Charles C.-K. Chou Shaw-Chen Liu Gwo-Dong Roam 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(23):2668-2673
Fine particles (PM2.5) and nanoparticles (PM0.1) were sampled using Dichotomous sampler and MOUDI, respectively, in Xueshan Tunnel, Taiwan. Eight carbon fractions were analyzed using IMPROVE thermal-optical reflectance (TOR) method. The concentrations of different temperature carbon fractions (OC1–OC4, EC1–EC3) in both PM2.5 and PM0.1 were measured and the correlations between OC and EC were discussed. Results showed that the ratios of OC/EC were 1.26 and 0.67 for PM2.5 and PM0.1, respectively. The concentration of EC1 was found to be more abundant than other elemental carbon fractions in PM2.5, while the most abundant EC fraction in PM0.1 was found to be EC2. The variation of contributions for elemental carbon fractions was different among PM2.5 and PM0.1 samples, which was partly owing to the metal catalysts for soot oxidation. The correlations between char-EC and soot-EC showed that char-EC dominated EC in PM2.5 while soot-EC dominated EC in PM0.1. Using eight individual carbon fractions, the gasoline and diesel source profiles of PM0.1 and PM2.5 were extracted and analyzed with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method. 相似文献
67.
Simulation modeling for nitrogen removal and experimental estimation of mass fractions of microbial groups in single-sludge system 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nitrification-denitrification in a single-sludge nitrogen removal system (SSNRS; with a sufficient carbon source for denitrification) was performed. With an increase in the mixed liquor recycle ratio (R(m)) from 1 to 2, the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency at a lower volumetric loading rate (VLR=0.21 NH(4)(+)-N m(-3) d(-1)) increased, but the TN removal efficiency at a higher VLR (0.35 kg NH(4)(+)-N m(-3) d(-1)) decreased. A kinetic model that accounts for the mass fractions of Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, nitrate reducer and nitrite reducer (f(n1), f(n2), f(dn1), and f(dn2)) in the SSNRS and an experimental approach for the estimation of the mass fractions of nitrogen-related microbial groups are also proposed. The estimated f(dn1) plus f(dn2) (0.65-0.83) was significantly larger than the f(n1) plus f(n2) (0.28-0.32); the f(n1) (0.21-0.26) was larger than the f(n2) (0.05-0.07); and the f(dn1) (0.32-0.45) varied slightly with the f(dn2) (0.33-0.38). At the lower VLR, the f(dn1) plus f(dn2) increased with increasing R(m); however at the higher VLR, the f(dn1) plus f(dn2) did not increase with increasing R(m). By using the kinetic model, the calculated residual NH(4)(+)-N and NO(2)(-)-N in the anoxic reactor and NO(2)(-)-N and NO(3)(-)-N in the aerobic reactor were in fairly good agreement with the experimental data; the calculated NO(3)(-)-N in the anoxic reactor was over-estimated and the calculated NH(4)(+)-N in the aerobic reactor was under-estimated. 相似文献
68.
Characteristics of major secondary ions in typical polluted atmospheric aerosols during autumn in central Taiwan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fang GC Lin SC Chang SY Lin CY Chou CC Wu YJ Chen YC Chen WT Wu TL 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(6):1520-1527
In autumn of 2008, the chemical characteristics of major secondary ionic aerosols at a suburban site in central Taiwan were measured during an annually occurring season of high pollution. The semicontinuous measurement system measured major soluble inorganic species, including NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-), in PM(10) with a 15 min resolution time. The atmospheric conditions, except for the influences of typhoons, were dominated by the local sea-land breeze with clear diurnal variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. To evaluate secondary aerosol formation at different ozone levels, daily ozone maximum concentration (O(3,daily max)) was used as an index of photochemical activity for dividing between the heavily polluted period (O(3,daily max) ≧80 ppb) and the lightly polluted period (O(3,daily max)<80 ppb). The concentrations of PM(10), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and total major ions during the heavily polluted period were 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.3 times the concentrations during the lightly polluted period, respectively. Results showed that the daily maximum concentrations of PM(10) occurred around midnight and the daily maximum ozone concentration occurred during daytime. The average concentration of SO(2) was higher during daytime, which could be explained by the transportation of coastal industry emissions to the sampling site. In contrast, the high concentration of NO(2) at night was due to the land breeze flow that transport inland urban air masses toward this site. The simulations of breeze circulations and transitions were reflected in transports and distributions of these pollutants. During heavily polluted periods, NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) showed a clear diurnal variations with lower concentrations after midday, possibly due to the thermal volatilization of NH(4)NO(3) during daytime and transport of inland urban plume at night. The diurnal variation of PM(10) showed the similar pattern to that of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) aerosols. This indicated that the formatted secondary aerosols in the inland urban area could be transported to the coastal area by the weak land breeze and deteriorated the air quality in the coastal area at night. 相似文献
69.
Concentrations of 17 dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were measured in total diet study samples of 14 food groups of animal origin from 11 locations in Taiwan, collected in 2003. Pork meat possessed the lowest background concentration level of 0.058 pg WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs+dl-PCBs)/g fresh weight. The dl-PCBs contribution were 31%, 59%, 36%, 46%, and 13% for meat and meat products, muscle meat of fish, milk and dairy products, fat and oil, and egg, respectively. The estimated monthly intake (EMI) was 44.7 and 39.5 pg WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs+dl-PCBs)/kg b.w./month for a male and female adult weighing 64.8 kg and 56.3 kg, respectively. Muscle meat of fish contributes 46% to the mean EMI. Factors affecting the EMI, in order of increasing importance are analytical method uncertainty, sample compositional difference, and food consumption data. In addition to the continuous efforts to identify and reduce the source of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs releases into the environment and the food-chain, the practice of a healthy dietary habit, i.e., eating foods of lower TEQ levels, was suggested to effectively reduce human exposure to PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. 相似文献
70.